Sunday, August 31, 2008

Relying on Heaven

Jonathan Rosenblum has a column about Charedi poverty in Israel (link). I have no way of knowing whether his description is accurate or whether he is overstating the problem, although I suspect the former. While one conclusion from the article is that we have to give more money to food banks like Yad Eliezer, I also wonder why so many people are not taking responsibility for their own situations.

All adults, and soon-to-be adults, need to have a plan for how to provide for their families (see these articles by R. Yaakov Horowitz: I, II). You can't just start a family, and keep growing that family, without any plan whatsoever on how to feed and clothe them. Relying on God stepping in without having any idea on what you will do yourself is not a plan. Granted, not all plans work out and we need to support those people through charity. Poverty will never be totally eradicated. But we are dealing here with a large group of people who do not train or otherwise plan to earn a living, and are therefore overwhelmed with the responsibility of providing for their large families.

When R. Shlomo Goren was the Chief Rabbi of the IDF, he once invited R. Aharon Kotler to address soldiers and R. Kotler said the following explanation of the Mishnah in Sotah (as quoted by R. Eliezer Melamed in Revivim: Am, Eretz, Tzava, p. 36). I don't know whether R. Kotler arrived at this explanation on his own but there is a story told about R. Itzeleh Volozhiner with the same explanation (Peh Kadosh Ha-Shalem, pp. 347-348).

Click here to read moreIn 1843, there was a gathering of leading Russian rabbis in the capital, St. Petersburg. When the rabbis were discussing a particularly perplexing political problem, one of the rabbis said that there was no way that they could solve the dilemma and all they could do was rely on our Father in heaven (as is repeated three times in the last Mishnah in Sotah).

R. Itzeleh Volozhiner replied that he finally understood the meaning of that Mishnah. It has multiple lists of bad things that happened to the Jews after the destruction of the Temple (e.g. people who did good deeds were lowered, and the forceful people and talebearers overpowered others) and each list concludes "We have no one on whom to rely except our Father in heaven." It's not clear what that final phrase has to do with the list of curses that befell us. R. Itzeleh explained that failing to act and relying solely on God is itself a curse. We are all obligated to try our best and let God's blessing rest on our actions. Failing to try, to plan, to attempt, is a symptom of the lack of direction and guidance that we have nowadays.

This was also R. Kotler's message to the Israeli soldiers, telling them that their efforts to defend the Jews in Israel is an avoidance of the curse of relying solely on God.

The Mishnah at the end of Kiddushin (82a) quotes a number of Tannaim discussing the pros and cons of various professions a man can teach his son. However, R. Nehorai dissents and says that he will only teach his son Torah and not a profession. R. Moshe Feinstein (Iggeros Moshe, Orach Chaim 2:111) suggests that the halakhah follows R. Nehorai. He makes the point, though, that this is only about training a child for a future profession and that even R. Nehorai would agree that an adult must work. The problem that we are witnessing today is that adults, and 18 year olds are certainly adults, are not following even the view of R. Nehorai and obtaining professional training so that they will be able to support their families.


Friday, August 29, 2008

Announcements #050: New FREE WebYeshiva Elul Zman & OU Kosher DVD’s on Meat and Birds

WebYeshiva'a FREE Elul Zman begins in under one week!

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Don't miss this oppurtunity to try WebYeshiva FREE for 6 weeks

Click here to find out moreElul Zman has always been an intense and special time for the Jewish people, a time where we try a little harder to become the type of people that God wants us to be. In light of the seriousness and importance of Elul Zman, WebYeshiva has decided to open its doors to anyone who is interested in seriously studying Torah.

Now is your opportunity to join the thousands of people from around the world who have experienced Torah the WebYeshiva way. Regardless of your schedule or learning background, WebYeshiva has a shiur for you. With 27 online, fully interactive shiurim offered at all times of the day, 6 days a week WebYeshiva makes it easier than ever for you to join an engaging, challenging shiur that's right for you.

This offer is available to EVERYONE - former students, present students and (hopefully) future students.

To learn more about this special offer or to sign up now, please follow one of the links below:
Personal Invitation from Rosh Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Brovender
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OU Kosher Releases Two New DVD’s On the Kashrut of Meat and Birds

For more information:
link

“A creative revolution in the teaching of Kashruth”
Click here to find out more
"We have never had tools such as these with which to enlighten our communities in the most important topics of Kashruth"

Kosher Meat – Unexplored Frontiers with Rabbi Yisroel Belsky
Kosher Birds – Who are they? With Rabbi Chaim Loike

Previously released:
The Kosher Fish Primer - With Rabbi Chaim Goldberg
Kosher Kidz – Learn about kosher in a whole new way

Available for free to yeshivas, schools, synagogues, schools, teachers…
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Contact via e-mail


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Thursday, August 28, 2008

The Turbulent Ma'ariv

On last week's NBN aliyah flight, I organized a small minyan for ma'ariv. We got permission from the flight attendant to take over one of their stations/corridors so we would disturb as few passengers as possible. Just as we finished the blessings after Shema (right before kaddish and Shemoneh Esreh, there was an announcement that everyone had to sit in their seats because of turbulence and a flight attendant came over and told us that we all have to sit down because of "piku'ach nefesh -- life-threatening danger (I'll bet El Al wisely teaches that phrase to every flight attendant). That left us with a dilemma about what to do next. As the person who organized the service, I foolishly took charge and, after making a quick calculation, told everyone to go back to their seats, wait for the "fasten your seat belt" sign to be taken down, and then all return to the same place to pray.

Click here to read moreI think it was Jameel who later said that we could have either all returned to our seats and prayed there or waited, as I suggested. After further thought and discussion, I think the question boils down to the following, which is essentially what I thought at the time: Which concept takes priority -- connecting the final blessing of Shema with the Shemoneh Esreh or praying with a minyan?

I think that a precedent can be found in the much-discussed issue of the common practice in medieval France of praying ma'ariv before dusk, when it is already the time for prayer but not yet the time for Shema. In this case, there are three concepts that compete for priority: 1) Praying with a minyan, 2) Connecting Shema with its blessings, and 3) Connecting the final blessing of Shema with the Shemoneh Esreh. When the the local minyan prays ma'ariv early, one of these three concepts has to yield.

There are essentially four approaches of dealing with this situation:
  1. You can really say Shema early also so there is no problem (generally rejected)
  2. Concept 2 loses so recite the entire service with the minyan and then repeat Shema on its own later (Talmidei Rabbenu Yonah, Berakhos 1a sv ela).
  3. Concept 3 loses so do not recite the Shema's blessings with the minyan and just say Shema and Shemoneh Esreh, and then later repeat Shema and its blessings (R. Hai Gaon, quoted in Talmidei Rabbenu Yonah, Berakhos 1b sv ve-rabenu).
  4. Concept 1 loses so don't even go to the minyan and pray by yourself later (Vilna Gaon, Ma'aseh Rav no. 65)
The Shulchan Arukh (Orach Chaim 275:1) rules according to the second approach but many follow the third. Piskei Teshuvos (275:3) quotes the Chafetz Chaim's son's biography of his father as saying that the Chafetz Chaim would follow the third. R. Hershel Schachter does as well.

I was thinking that the situation we faced on the airplane was a subset of the above case. We had only two of those three concepts competing for priority: Prayer with a minyan and connecting the final blessing of Shema with the Shemoneh Esreh. It would seem that according to R. Hai Gaon (the third approach above), we should have waited and prayed together because praying with a minyan takes precedence over connecting the final blessing of Shema with the Shemoneh Esreh. According to the Vilna Gaon (the fourth approach above), we should have returned to our seats and prayed individually because connecting the final blessing of Shema with the Shemoneh Esreh takes precedence over praying with a minyan. Since in my estimation the view of R. Hai Gaon is more normative than that of the Vilna Gaon, we should have waited and then prayed together -- which is what we did.

When I later discussed this with R. Ari Enkin, he questioned whether praying in our seats at the same time is really praying without a minyan. Maybe it is considered praying with a minyan, in which case we should have definitely all returned to our seats and prayed then without waiting.


Parashah Roundup: Re'eh 5768

by Steve Brizel

An Overview of the Parsha
  • R. Yitzchak Etshalom guides us through the structure of the Parsha: link

  • The Blessings and the Curses
  • The Kedushas Levi (as prepared by R. Eliezer Kwass) reninds us that “today” means whenever a Jew performs a mitzvah: link
  • R. Jonathan Sacks demonstrates why Judaism is based upon, sound, hearing and word as opposed to sight, seeing and image: link
  • R. Ephraim Buchwald, based upon the commentary of R. Samson Rafael Hirsch zt"l, explains why Har Grizim and Har Eival both border the city of Shechem: link
  • R. Mordechai Willig underscores the importance of making the correct choices and in raising our nekudas habchirah to the point that certain actions, attitudes are beyond our capabilities. link
  • R. Asher Brander reminds us that observing that which makes sense is not Divine service and that seeing is not a prerequisite for believing: link
  • R. Beinish Ginsburg, based upon a shiur of Rav Soloveitchik zt"l, reviews the views of Rashi and Ramban on what exactly are the blessings and curses: link (audio)

  • Click here to read moreBal Tosif and Bal Tigrah
  • R. Yonasan Sacks discusses the halachic aspects of Bal Tosif and Bal Tigrah: link (audio)

  • The False Prophet
  • R. Yaakov Haber (formerly of RIETS) discusses the differences between a true prophet and a false prophet: link

  • The Mitzvah of Tzedakah
  • R. Shlomo Wolbe zt"l, based upon the Nefesh HaChaim, and R. Zev Leff explain that Maaser Sheni and Maaser Ani remind us that our material possessions are not ours and that using them in a proper manner generates sanctity: link 1 (DOC), link 2
  • R. Lawrence Rothwachs discusses the halachic sources for Tzedakah, prioritization of one's Tzedakah, and Maaser: link

  • The Mitzvah of Shechitah
  • R. Herschel Schachter discusses the halachic requirement of Kavanah in Shechitah: link (audio) and whether Shechitah is a mitzvah or a matir: link (audio)

  • The Shalosh Regalim and Standing Before God
  • R. Berel Wein urges us to remember to use the Shalosh Regalim as a means of enhancing our commitment to the Land of Israel and our fulfilling the true meaning of the Pilgrim Festivals: link
  • R. Avigdor Nevenzal suggests that we use Simchas Yom Tov as a means of replenishing our spiritual “gas tanks”and remember the poor and unfortunate: link
  • R. Zvi Sobolofsky emphasizes that the literal fulfillment of standing before God begins with our internalizing the purposes of the Yamin Noraim and celebrating our accomplishments on Sukkos: link

  • Destroying The Means of Idol Worship and Fighting its Worshippers
  • R. Shlomo Riskin, based upon the Ohr HaHaChaim, exhorts us to remember that the Torah promises us that we will not become immune to violence or violent in nature in fullfilling this mitzvah: link

  • Korban Bechor
  • R. Baruch Simon investigates the uniqueness of Korban Bechor: link (audio)

  • The Centrality of Jerusalem
  • R. Menachem Liebtag shows us why Jerusalem serves both as the national political and religious center of the Land of Israel: link

  • Shloshim Yom Kodem HaChag Department
  • Rav Soloveitchik zt"l discusses Slichos as well as the major themes and aspects of Rosh HaShanah: link

  • Wednesday, August 27, 2008

    Symposium: Why People Become Orthodox VII

    (continued from I, II, III, IV, V, VI)

    Please note that this is the last submission that has been received. If anyone else would like to contribute, please send a submission to me within the next two weeks.

    Orthodox Rabbi Aryeh Klapper is Dean of The Center for Modern Torah Leadership, which develops Orthodox leaders who see the challenges of modernity as opportunities to expand and deepen Torah, and recognize all human beings as tzelem Elokim. He also serves on the Boston Beit Din and as Instructor of Rabbinics at Gann Academy, and was the Orthodox Adviser at the Harvard Hillel for ten years. Many of his shiurim and sourcesheets are available at www.torahleadership.org.

    My experience is that adopting an Orthodox identity is often the next stage in a religious process that previously involved Conservative Judaism, and frequently involved several denominational stages of Jewish development. These people are not looking to surrender their autonomy to another human being who will "tell them what to do"; rather, autonomy is often a fundamental sticking point in their relationship with Jewish Law, and indeed commitments to certain forms of feminism, the moral equality of homosexuality with heterosexuality, or pluralism/relativism sometimes lead them back out of Orthodoxy within a few years.

    Click here to read moreWhat, then, leads them to Orthodoxy? I suggest that what they are looking for is community – not for the sake of security or emotional comfort, although finding those are certainly strong factors in any decision to remain Orthodox, but rather because they want to practice Judaism in an environment that deeply values the seriousness with which they take Torah. They also feel that Orthodoxy is the community in which their children are most likely to grow up taking Torah seriously.

    Orthodoxy – in all its diverse forms – regrettably, sometimes disappoints them in this regard. The cause of this disappointment may be a perceived inability to explain apparently contra-halakhic behaviors, or alternatively a perceived lack of concern about behavior and attitudes that seem to undermine values they see as core to Judaism, such as the innate worth of all human beings regardless of race, ethnicity, or religion. These perceptions may or may not be accurate.

    But while Orthodoxy is not immune - no social group is - to the people of Sodom's instinctive scorn for the moral and spiritual critiques of Johnny-come-latelies, we do better when we learn to consistently see tokhachah as a spiritual opportunity.


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    There are a few ways to get a feel for the pulse of the Jewish community. One way to do it is to read Jewish newspapers, particularly those that address a broad spectrum of the community. Those papers will give you insight on what people are thinking and what interests them. I personally find that the best newspaper for that is The Jewish Press.

    I know what you are thinking. Yes, some people hate the paper. But some people love it. And some people love to hate it. I personally love some parts of it and hate other parts -- it's the best of both worlds. Very often I find that it is the must-read newspaper. For example, and I cannot give details, next week it will have an article that will (hopefully) send shockwaves throughout the Orthodox community and (hopefully) lead to serious communal introspection and change. That's what the at times courageous writers and editors at The Jewish Press give you. Remember that they allowed a long debate in their pages about the Slifkin Torah-Science Controversy.

    The Jewish Press is currently running a promotion for new subscribers: You can either receive two months per year for free or, if you sign up for two years, you can receive a free Rav Soloveitchik machzor (discussed in these posts: I, II, III and my Jewish Action review is here: link).

    Subscribe to The Jewish Press here: link


    Announcements #049: New College Torah Learning Program at Webyeshiva.org

    Rabbi Chaim Brovender's WebYeshiva is excited to announce a new learning program specifically geared towards American college students - www.WebYeshiva.org/college. Starting this Sept. 8th, the WebYeshiva College Torah Program is tailor made to meet the needs, schedule and interests of American college students.

    From classes in Practical Kashrut for the college student to Jewish Philosophy throughout the ages and the spiritual insights of Chassidut, the WebYeshiva College Torah Program has a shiur for you.

    Regardless of which college you are attending or how busy your schedule is, WebYeshiva makes it possible to make Talmud Torah a significant part of your daily college life.

    The program starts Sept. 8th and runs through November 18th.

    Even if you are not in college, you can give the gift of Torah by passing this announcement to a college student or email us at college@webyeshiva.org about a student that you would like to sponsor.

    To learn more about or sign-up for this unique learning opportunity please visit our website at: webyeshiva.org/college

    (Announce your simchah or Torah lectures by clicking on the button in the top right corner of Hirhurim. See here for readership statistics and here for instructions on buying an announcement.)


    Tuesday, August 26, 2008

    Rav Kook and Proofs of God

    R. Avraham Kook has an approach towards faith and intellect that is worth considering. His writing is generally indecipherable to me and I am relying here on secondary literature, sepcifically, an article by R. Itamar Cohen titled "The Concept of 'Faith' in the Teachings of Rav Kook" in his recent book Eisan Maginekha.

    R. Kook believed that faith is an inherent part of a person's soul (Cohen, pp. 23-27). In his panentheistic worldview in which God is in everything, it is the Divine in every person's soul that yields this faith (pp. 27, 30).

    Click here to read moreHowever, this does not mean that there is no room for the intellect in perceiving God. A primal, mystical faith must be the basis of the relationship but afterwards the intellect can be used to supplement faith (pp. 39-41).

    If I understand this correctly, which is perhaps unlikely, R. Kook is saying that a person must find deep inside himself a faith in God and then deepen and intellectualize this faith by looking at the beauty and order in the world, the history of the Jewish people or his own human nature. Proofs are not necessary to create faith but can serve to support it. Therefore, they do not need to be absolute proofs (i.e. irrefutable) and are sufficient if they are merely plausible or convincing.


    Audio Roundup IX

    by Joel Rich

  • Halacha and Medina - Rabbi Y Barth - Authority: link

    Discussion of exclusions from positions of authority. The Rambam adds Isha to Ger and Akum. R’ Moshe Feinstein thinks he made it up, but there is a genizah document that says no parnas of either sex.

    Further discussion of seeming exceptions in Tanach and Talmud: link 1, link 2, link 3

  • Click here to read more
  • Halacha and Medina - Rabbi Y Barth - Pidyon: link

    A must listen three set series on redemption of captives dead and alive. It’s a lot more complex than just chanting “yeter al Kidai d’mayhem”

    How does halacha relate to the State (e.g. are settlements in harei yehuda still bchurbanah)? Certain Mitzvot can only be accomplished through some governmental structure.

    Related Issue – Is melech rshut or chovah? If rshut, is it reshut retzuyah (like Tzizit) or not (yfat toar). Can government be considered under the mitzvah of V’chai bahem or kiddush hashem.

  • Salt - Rabbi Z Cinnamon: link

    Reasons for keeping it on the table and implications for current practice. Lessons to be learned also included.

  • Rabbi Dr. Jacob J Schacter - Models of Redemption and Contemporary Jewish Life: link

    2 models – clear path and complex. Interesting insight that when Moshe Rabbinu said shlach na, he was asking that the geulah be complete and immediate. The answer was no. We are experiencing the complex one.

  • Smicha Controversy - Rabbi A Rackovsky: link

    First in a series on the history of the restart of smicha in the time of Mahari Bey Rav. While the story is familiar, interesting insights into the personal histories (what, great rabbis had history?) involved.

  • Rabbi Z Cinnamon - Nemanut: link

    What level is required for different applications? Interesting insights related to the Rubashkin Controversies.

  • Rabbi Ozer Glickman - Bitul ba-rov: Empiricism vs Conceptualism in Halacha: link

    R’Glickman shows his legal, MBA/statistical and rabbinic expertise in discussing positivists, probabilities and psak. R’Glickman, if you are reading this, please call Harold Z. of little Vilna because I still can’t convince him that it’s ok to eat that third hamburger patty!

  • Can You Be Good Without God - R Dovid (the other one) Gottlieb: link

    Can you be good without God? His answer in a nutshell, as I understand it, is: Yes, but it’s harder and likely not long lasting. Oh, and by the way, define good!

  • Rabbi Dani Rapp - Birthdays in Halacha: link

    Interesting Yerushalmi (Rosh Hashana 3:8) implies it is a good day. There are some other special birthdays (e.g. 50, 70) that are worth noting. However, focus on birthdays may have some element of chukat hagoyim.

  • Rabbi Aryeh Lebowitz - Tisha b'Av - Moving Forward: link

    Summary – see Hamlet Act 3, Scene IV – Hashem to us: “I must be cruel only to be kind” (or a more recent version “cruel to be kind in the right measure, cruel to be kind, it’s a very good sign”). Message: Turn our lives into Jewish destiny.
    [me- 1) see Eicha 2:1 and commentaries thereon - we can be highest or lowest due to direct relationship with Hashem 2) how many times does the phrase “ashreichem Yisrael” appear in the Talmud? Can you make a drasha? 3) Did the R’Akiva har habayit story appear at the end of maakot in order to be followed by a goodbye to punishments?

  • Rabbi Dovid Gottlieb/Minchas Chinuch: Shiur 4: link

    Further discussion of pru u’rvu. Bnai Banim K'banim – another great buzz expression (Mareh Kohain for those who sat in R’Arnest’s zt”l’s shiur in early 70’s) that really requires analysis to understand its full force (unclear). Also touches on IVF issues (do you need a maaseh biah to be the father?) R. Brander has some excellent shiurim on this topic and it makes you understand why R’ Asher Weiss says we need a Rashba in our generation.

  • Beyond Tolerance, Above Rote - Steve Savitsky: link

    Rabbi Hecht’s formula for achdut – Learn other shitot and learn with those from other backgrounds (ok – that shouldn’t take much).

    R’Berger quotes R’YBS on missing the erev Shabbat Jew (you know – the one who’s not jumping out of a shower 2 minutes before Shabbat) and discuss the aishdas program (www.aishdas.org - changing the world one shul at a time).

    Mr. Savitsky notes one shul where people are inspired and excited to come, he doesn’t note that this shul represents a self selecting audience (post hoc ergo propter hoc yada yada).

  • Rabbi Dani Rapp - Shalush Shudas and Havdalah: link

    “Time, time, time – see what’s become of me while I looked around for my possibilities I was so hard to please - - - won’t you stop and remember me at any convenient time.” Huh? Listen to this shiur to gain an awareness of proper (and improper) time and type of shalosh seudot and havdala.

  • Rebbetzin Peshi Neuburger - Prayer: link

    The first in a series on the philosophy of prayer – a chiyuv or a privilege. Here an introduction to the basics (Ramban, Ramban, Chatam sofer, R’YBS, R’Kook).

  • Kavod Hatorah - R Z Cinnamon: link

    Calling R’Ari’Enkin! This is a great topic because if you empirically analyze what people think is more important (e.g. standing during kriat hatorah or pointing at the sefer during hagbah) versus what people don’t seem to do (e.g. follow Torah back to the aron) you’d get interesting results.

  • R’ Weiss (Hebrew) - Devorim/Vaetchanan: link

    What is scope of Mitzvah of limud hatorah? What is docheh it and what is it docheh? Interesting insight from the Gra that Papus ben Yehuddh (brachot 61 – R’Akiva/fox/in jail for dvarim acheirim story) is the same as Papus (Taanit 18 – harugei lud/mechizato bgan eden).

  • On the Jblogging Community or Lack Thereof

    It seems that a comment I made at the Jblogger convention raised some people's ire and I can't say that it was unintentional. Aside from the "Jewlicious-Netanyahu" exchange, there did not seem to be too many memorable moments so I intentionally stirred the pot (later in the evening there were more memorable moments, with one guy screaming/heckling "Israel is a Jewish state" and Gila scratching the blackboard with her proverbial fingernails by repeatedly saying how people think she should be raped by Hamas). But I still stand by my statement.

    What I said is that there is no community of Jewish bloggers (you can see it on the video at 1hr-50m: link). Evidently, this took many people by surprise. The initial reaction by bloggers who were not at the convention was approval but subsequent bloggers piled on me for saying it, some even attempting to find past statements of mine of questionable relevance that they think contradict it. Please allow me to explain.

    Click here to read moreA blog is a medium that people use for many different things. Some can use it to post news, some to post Torah, some to post their thoughts about knitting yarmulkas, some to post about their battle with disease, etc. The simple fact that we all use the same medium does not make us a community. I'm not saying that we can't be friends but there is no natural bond between us other than that which exists between all Jews and all people. Do you think that the author of The Yeshiva World has some connection to an atheist, anti-religious blogger simply because they both use blogs? I don't. It's like saying that J. K. Rowling and Shmuel Blitz are in the same community of authors. It's not that one is good and the other isn't, but that they operate within totally different universes despite both being authors of books. To the opposite, I consider Ms. Rowling to be part of the community of Western popular culture and Shmuel Blitz to be part of the American Charedi community. Similarly, I consider blogs to be extensions of people's regular communities. Jewish blogs are part of the Jewish community and its subcommunities. Torah blogs are part of the Torah community, Jewish cooking blogs are part of the Jewish cooking community, etc.

    I suspect that of the over 1,500 blogs represented at the convention (both live and online), I've read (even once) less than 5% of them. And judging from the surprise over my beginning with a devar Torah, they haven't read my blog either. That's OK. This blog is part of a small genre that caters to a unique readership. I'd estimate that at least 10% of the readers of this blog do not read any other blogs, and more than 40% read less than 5 blogs. Some do not even have web access for religious reasons and occasionally ask me to PDF comments and e-mail the file to them.

    I do believe that the readers of this and similar blogs constitute some sort of subcommunity, particularly those who comment. But I don't see how anyone can suggest that we are in the same Jblogger community as the readers of, for example, a kosher cooking blog (not that there is anything wrong with kosher cooking; I live off of it!). The extended Hirhurim community is a subset of the Torah community that, rather than operate in a shul or yeshiva, operates on a blog (or set of blogs). And there are multiple Jewish blogging subsets of real life communities that people can join. In fact, one of the beauties of blogging is that it allows outsiders a view into different communities via this new medium.

    There are definitely some things that people using the same medium can learn from each other on technical issues, and some shared experiences. Additionally, there are people who use the same medium and become friends because of those shared experiences. But that doesn't automatically put us in a shared community. The fact that I'm Jewish and write a blog and he's Jewish and writes a blog does not automatically make us part of some Jewish blogging community any more than my being Jewish and taking pictures with a digital camera and his being Jewish and taking pictures with a digital camera puts us in the J-digital-picture community.

    And, finally, I believe that I have a responsibility to my readers not to send them to websites that they don't want to see. Believe it or not, there are many people with different sensibilities than the majority of Jewish bloggers. Whenever I send readers to a newspaper website that has a picture of a scantily clad woman, I get polite e-mails asking that I be more careful to avoid that in the future. When I link to a blog, I sometimes receive feedback from readers who have skimmed through that blog and have been offended by it. There seems to be an implication of approval from linking. One blogger recently put on the back of his newly published book a blurb from me saying that he has an interesting post on a particular subject, despite there being no question that I disapprove of most of what goes on at the blog and presumably in the book (although I haven't read the book -- the blogger has graciously agreed to remove my blurb from future copies). That is why I try to limit my links to other blogs.

    The simple fact is that my interests do not include most of what goes on in the Jewish blogosphere. While I try to be aware of what goes on in the world, I don't have time to follow everything closely. Am I a bad guy because I don't knit and am not interested in blogs about knitting? And blogs with random content are, well, random.

    I spent a considerable amount of time with David Bogner over the past week or two and enjoyed his company greatly, even when he scared the daylights out of me by carrying a gun. But I can't recall if I had ever seen his blog before, maybe I did a few years ago. It's not because he's a bad writer or a boring person; he definitely is neither. We just talk about very different things and his posts have never popped up on my radar screen. I once put in a bunch of blogs on Bloglines and that's what I read (with an occasional change to the list), and even then I skip a lot of posts that seem too long or outside of my range of interests. There are simply too many blogs to read all of them. Would I like to be in the same community as David Bogner and Batya Medad? We already are, as Jews and as human beings. I've added Treppenwitz to my Bloglines list but other than that, I don't feel a need to read all 1,500+ Jewish blogs.

    So, why did I go to the convention if I don't consider myself part of a Jewish bloggers community? 1) Because I got a free ticket, 2) I was curious to meet certain people with whom I've conversed online (including Batya's husband, Yisrael), and 3) I considered it a technical conference where I could learn and contribute.


    Shirayim

    By: Rabbi Ari Enkin

    There is a popular Chassidic custom to endeavor to obtain food from which a Rebbe has partaken from. This practice is referred to as "shirayim", meaning “leftovers”. The shirayim ritual takes on a number of different forms. In some Chassidic circles the Chassidim line up to receive wine upon which the Rebbe had recited Kiddush or Havdala. Other Rebbes have scheduled hours when they receive visitors and distribute fruits or nuts. Yet other Rebbes arrange elaborate gatherings on Shabbat and holidays, known as "tisches", where Chassidim gather around as the Rebbe eats his meal. In such settings, the Rebbe will often take a small portion of food from a large serving platter, after which the platter is passed around to the Chassidim in order for everyone to be able to partake of the Rebbe's "shirayim".

    Click here to read moreThe source and significance of this practice is said to originate from a number of sources. Some suggest that it derives from the biblical blessing of plenty, "Blessed shall be your basket and your kneading bowl (mishartecha)"[1] in which the word mishartecha can be creatively translated to read: "your leftovers", as if to say, leftovers [from a tzaddik] bring blessing.[2] Others suggest[3] that the idea derives from the episode where Yitro (Moshe's father-in-law) offered sacrifices to God at which time Aharon and the elders came to eat with him.[4] Commenting on this verse, Rashi quotes the Talmud which teaches that: "one who derives pleasure from a meal which included Torah scholars is considered to be deriving pleasure from the Divine Presence."[5]

    Another approach has it that the shirayim concept is an extention of the mitzva of "peah" in which one must leave a corner of one's field for the poor.[6] It is taught that the peah concept can be extended to include leaving over some food at a meal for others to enjoy. Indeed, the Talmud teaches that "one who does not leave over bread at his table will never see a sign of blessing".[7] Hence, the shirayim, often consisting of bread, is the "leftover" bread which brings blessing.

    The Yerushalmi relates that Rabbi Yochanan would go to the synagogue in the mornings to collect any leftover crumbs remaining from a Seudat Mitzva held the night before.[8] As he ate them he would say: "May my portion be like those who ate here yesterday." Just as Rabbi Yochanan would eat the leftovers with great enthusiasm, so too the leftovers of a tzaddik and his seudat mitzva should be eaten in such a manner. There are also Talmudic sources which teach that when food is distributed by the head of the household it brings blessing to the family.[9] In this context, of course, the Rebbe is the head of the household while the Chassidim are the family.

    Finally, there is a concept within Chassidic thought known as "birur hanitzotzim" which teaches that when a tzaddik touches something he is able to unify all the Divine forces within it, thereby elevating the object and purifying it. Related to this is the belief that food actually contains the sparks of transmigrating souls. When one consumes such food it allows those sparks to be released and move on. The souls, in turn, bless the one who ate from the food. According to this approach, this "soul release" initiative is more assured when discharged upon food which has been elevated by having been blessing by the tzaddik.

    ****************************************


    [1] Devarim 28:5
    [2] Sefer Chassidim 888
    [3] Letters from the Rebbe, Vol. 3 p. 193
    [4] Shemot 18:12
    [5] Berachot 64a
    [6] Vayikra 19:9-10
    [7] Sanhedrin 92a
    [8] Moed Katan 2:3
    [9] Berachot 51b


    Sunday, August 24, 2008

    How to Become an Influential Jblogger

    I've read many posts across the blogosphere about the convention last week. Shocking as it may seem, some bloggers are critical of it. The format of my panel was changed and shortened in midstream, due to Bibi's arrival and long speech. Esther, the moderator, was going to lead us through a discussion of various issues. In a preliminary e-mail some of the panelists had already started debating a topic that Esther had mentioned. But that never happened, due to no one's fault, so let me share with you now the thoughts I had on how to increase your influence as a blogger.

    First, let me emphasize that you should do some soul-searching about why you want more readers. It might not be the right thing for you. You should also recognize that there is no magic bullet that will make you super-popular. You need to write well and stand out.

    Here are some easy things you can do (as I already mentioned in this post):
    Click here to read more
    1. Put the URL of your blog in your e-mail signature.
    2. Post meaningful comments to other blogs and put your URL in the appropriate place.
    3. Try exchanging links with related blogs.
    4. Register with Jrants and other aggregators.
    5. E-mail posts to bloggers whom you think will be interested (but don't overdo it)
    6. Try to get your blog mentioned in Havel Havalim.
    I would now add:
    1. When and if you write for the print media, even just a letter to the editor, make sure to list your blog in your byline.
    2. This may be controversial but try to optimize your blog for searches on topics that are relevant to your area of specialty. Most of your search hits will be gone after the first read but some will stay.
    3. Try submitting blog posts to various media outlets (newspapers, magazines, newsletters), whether small or big. If readers like the excerpt, they will check out your blog.
    4. Find creative ways to give away free things (like an e-book). People flock to free stuff.
    Here is a strategy (or gimmick) that might work but takes planning and a long time. Find an issue of current concern to a specific community and blog about it repeatedly, with enough uniqueness that it will get noticed in that community. It could even be a minor issue but become THE blog on that topic (think OrthoMom and the Lawrence school district, but don't get sued like she did). People from that community will come flocking to your blog, but most of them will never come back because they are not interested in your regular fare. However, the people from that community who appreciate your non-single-issue blogging will see what you have to offer and continue reading. Then move on to the next community and issue, repeat, lather and rinse The trick will be to do this without alienating your existing readers by harping on one issue. I leave the solution to that problem up to you.

    Someone at the convention asked how to write posts without spending half an hour on them. Here's what I do. Write a first draft quickly and then walk away from it for hours. Let the ideas bounce around your head so that you can come up with editing ideas and then edit the post without having seen it for hours. At that point, you can edit it pretty quickly and post it.

    And finally, treat your readers well. Be respectful of them, don't take them for granted and blog regularly. Readers need to know that when they check your blog there will be something new there. It is also important to make your blog visually pleasing and easy to read. Do not force your readers to have to go through any trouble in order to read your blog; that is going to cost you a lot of readers.

    That's all the wisdom I've got. If you have better ideas, please share them in the comments section.


    Making Aliyah With The Felbers

    On the flight last week, I met a family making aliyah who probably qualify as the nicest people you've never met. Judi and Joseph Felber come most recently from Silver Spring, MD but have lived in Israel for the past two years to try it out. The trial period went well so they made official aliyah last week. They initially needed a place where their struggling Hebrew would not be a problem, particularly for their three children who are in school. Friends suggested Raanana and the Felbers have found it to be a wonderful place to live (our quick game of Jewish geography found that they know the one friend I have in the entire city).

    Mr. Felber showed me the electronic dictionary he carries around with him. He is trying to beef up his Hebrew skills by reading novels and looking up the words he doesn't know. It's a little difficult to learn the language when he works in an English-speaking office. But he's trying.

    I asked them what they like best about Israel and they quickly answered that Judaism pervades the atmosphere. Even secular Jews speak of Yerushalayim Ir Ha-Kodesh (Jerusalem the Holy City) and the general public celebrates all of the Jewish holidays.

    When talking to them, what struck me most was that they didn't make aliyah for any obvious ideological reason. They aren't high-minded idealists or fervent Religious Zionists (not that there's anything wrong with that). They made aliyah because it just seemed like the natural thing to do. Where else would a Jewish family go?

    I wish the whole family much success in their new home.


    Lambda/Urim/Yashar Clearance Sale

    UPDATED

    Summer Clearance
    Book Sale


    New and Classic Jewish Books
    DISCOUNTED 30% – 50%
    Direct from the Wholesaler!


    Visit our new warehouse and choose from a wide selection of fine Jewish books and Seforim, including:
    A full line of new books from:
    Urim Publications ~ Yashar Books

    Peirushim and Commentary sets on the Torah, translated into English by ELIYAHU MUNK, including:
    Mikraot Gedolot HaChut HaMeshulash, Tzror HaMor, Or Hachayim, Alshich, Tur, Shney Luchot Habrit, Bachya, Akeidat Yitzchak, Haketav Vehakabbalah

    - Nechama Leibowitz on the Parsha (7 vols)
    - Steinsalz Talmud (Large/Small/Vilna) (42/26/33 vols)
    - Torat Chayim (7 vols) ~ Rambam Le’Am (20 vols)

    And classic children’s books in Hebrew and gift books from Israel.

    Only August 24th, 25th, and 26th, 2008 (11:00 am – 7:00 pm)
    Sale at Lambda Publishers new warehouse
    527 Empire Blvd., Brooklyn, NY Tel: 718-972-5449 Fax: 718-972-6307
    sale@ejudaica.com - www.UrimPublications.com

    You can download the price list here: link (DOC)
    Note that phone orders will be taken until September 2nd


    Friday, August 22, 2008

    Hekhsher Tzedek: Is It A Good Idea In Practice?

    R. Dr. Aaron Levine writes in this week's The Jewish Press (link):
    The kashrut certification industry is being galvanized by a provocative, innovative initiative called Hekhsher Tzedek (i.e., justice certification). The brainchild of Rabbi Morris Allen of St. Paul, Minnesota, Hekhsher Tzedek is a supplement to current kashrut certification.

    Kashrut certification today declares that the food establishment adheres to the kashrut standards and procedures set by the certifying agency. Hekhsher Tzedek adds an ethical dimension to the certification by attesting that the food establishment treats its work force decently and fairly.

    Click here to read moreTo confer its imprimatur, the Hekhsher Tzedek agency would evaluate the company's safety standards and whether the company tries to prevent its workers from organizing into a union. It would also make a judgment as to whether the company pays its workers a livable wage and provides them with adequate health benefits. Finally, Hekhsher Tzedek is interested in animal welfare, corporate transparency and environmental impact.

    Hekhsher Tzedek is a joint initiative of the United Synagogue for Conservative Judaism and the movement's Rabbinical Assembly. Rabbi Allen and the sponsoring organizations deserve praise for making kashrut supervision a setting for integrating our duties to our fellow man with our duties to God. But let's recognize that the devil is often in the details and reflect on what Hekhsher Tzedek would have to look like in practice to meet the Torah's standards of tzedek.

    Proponents of Hekhsher Tzedek tell us they are trying not to replace the current kosher certification but only to supplement it. To meet the Torah's tzedek concept, however, Hekhsher Tzedek would have to be set up entirely differently from kashrut certification. Why? Because kashrut certification is essentially an autocratic procedure; to earn certification, a company must agree to adhere strictly to the requirements and procedures established by the kashrut certifier, and noncompliance will result in revocation of the certification.

    The certification process allows little room for negotiation, and no appeal. In sharp contrast, tzedek is a judgment in human relations and therefore cannot be reached without a judicial process. Three sides will always be involved: labor, management, and the third parties affected by their actions.

    Let me explain the practical import of dubbing Hekhsher Tzedek a judicial process. In America, we operate under the Constitution and enjoy freedom of speech. The law punishes slander and libel, but with respect to commercial speech there are no legal sanctions against disseminating accurate information that is hurtful. As Jews, however, we have the additional prohibition against speaking lashon hora, true but harmful speech. But when the motive of the speaker is to prevent an undeserved harm from occurring, the prohibition of lashon hora is suspended, provided certain conditions are met.

    One of these conditions is that the target of the lashon hora should not suffer more than he or she deserves by dint of Torah law. Today, the media routinely report on complaints workers file against their employers, as in class action suits in civil court and filings with the National Labor Relations Board relating to "union busting" activity. Now, if the "reasonable man" or general public reacts to such complaints with the attitude of innocent until proven guilty, the media will not be guilty of causing undeserved loss of business to the accused company by reporting those complaints.

    It may, however, be an entirely different matter if a Hekhsher Tzedek certification system is in place. Let's not lose sight of the fact that Hekhsher Tzedek is clearly an affirmative testimony of ethical propriety. What should the tzedek certifier do if there are outstanding, serious complaints against a company that have yet to be adjudicated? Because Hekhsher Tzedek is an affirmative testimonial of propriety, the certifier has no choice but to suspend its imprimatur from a company that faces such unresolved complaints.

    But what happens in the interim when the symbol of the tzedek certifier is missing from the company's packaging? Undoubtedly, some consumers will not investigate why the symbol is missing and will switch their patronage. For some, the knowledge that the company faces only an accusation, but not a guilty verdict, will make no difference and lead to the same loss of patronage for the embattled company. Ironically, while the competing suppliers these consumers turn to may have a reliable kosher certification, they may never have been evaluated for tzedek certification.

    Another ramification of the affirmative testimony nature of Hekhsher Tzedek relates to leverage: Suppose a regional NLRB rules against a labor union complaint. At this juncture, the company's Hekhsher Tzedek certification should be reinstated. But the union can block this reinstatement by appealing the ruling to the National Board. If the union goes this route, the company's Hekhsher Tzedek certification will remain suspended, at the very least, until the lengthy and costly appeal process is over. Hekhsher Tzedek hence empowers the union with leverage it never had before.

    In short, one can conceive of many scenarios where the temporary suspension of the Hekhsher Tzedek imprimatur would result in unwarranted bias and hence in undeserved harm for a company.

    In pursuing its investigative probes, Hekhsher Tzedek will be hampered because, unlike government, it will have neither trained investigators nor subpoena power. The issue therefore becomes whether its judicial decisions will command confidence and trust in the marketplace.

    By design, Hekhsher Tzedek is overwhelmingly one-sided. It considers only how employers treat their workers, not how workers treat their employers. Making judgments about tzedek in the workplace, however, requires consideration of the reciprocal relationship between employer and employee.

    To illustrate, suppose workers lodge a complaint against their employer for not paying them for the time they spend putting on their protective gear at the beginning of a shift and taking off their gear at the end of it. Suppose, for argument's sake, the complaint is valid. But suppose also that the workers report to work late and idle significantly on the employer's time and the company does not dock their pay. What is the tzedek certifier to make of this?

    Yes, the company should be denied tzedek certification. But why should the workers be immune from reproof? Accordingly, perhaps the certifier should say, "We found no tzedek in labor-management relations here. Instead, we found plenty of abuse, all around."

    Relatedly, Hekhsher Tzedek is very much concerned that employers not interfere with worker efforts to unionize. But suppose union organizers make use of strong-arm techniques to coerce workers to vote to unionize. Should not Tzedek certification be denied based on this factor?

    Another problem is that Hekhsher Tzedek certification does not cover a firm's relationship to its customers and suppliers. Conferring Tzedek certification based on the employer's conduct only vis-a vis his workers could very well have the effect on the margin of shifting the employer's moral energy toward labor relations while ignoring the other stakeholders he deals with in his business.

    Suppose that in the process of evaluating a company, the Hekhsher Tzedek certifier hears a complaint that the firm is in serious arrears with it suppliers or is cheating its customers. Should those complaints be ignored because they are not part of the agenda of Hekhsher Tzedek?

    Finally, let's turn to cost. Consider that the plan is for companies to pay a fee for the certification. In addition, the "livable wage" provision aspires for increases in amenities for workers; amenities that neither secular law nor halacha mandates for individual employers. (In a forthcoming issue of Tradition, I address the "living wage" concept from the standpoint of Jewish labor law and charity law.)

    Likewise, reducing carbon emissions entails incremental costs, as for example, when a company eliminates Styrofoam cups, initiates a recycling program, or replaces incandescent lighting with fluorescent lighting. For companies operating on small profit margins, adoption of these measures on top of the cost of securing the kashrut certification may prove prohibitive.

    Large companies, on the other hand, may find Hekhsher Tzedek a good investment by which to gain a competitive advantage. Hekhsher Tzedek may thus become an unwitting vehicle in driving out small firms, which in the long run will equip surviving firms with the necessary leverage to raise prices.

    Hekhsher Tzedek is a constructive idea - but without proper vetting before implementation, it stands to generate many unintended negative side effects.


    Thursday, August 21, 2008

    Musings on the Jblogger Con

    I just got home from Israel and figured I owe Nefesh B'Nefesh one more post before I unpack. Enough people have already written about it in detail that you can find out about what happened at the convention by Googling it (link). I'll just add my two cents on a few things:

    1. NBN is really detail oriented and pulled off an excellent convention. Although I should add that WebAds was very involved in running it and did an equally excellent job. (Seriously, this isn't some kind of paid commercial.)
    2. I didn't really listen to most of the speeches because I was too busy talking to the many interesting people there. It was a very diverse crowd. We were all wearing name tags that were especially made for this event, with spaces for the name of your blog and your name. One guy had his pseudonym in quotation marks ("Jameel" from the Muqata, who is now a buddy of mine). One lady was talking to me and I kept calling her Jane, as per her nametag, until she told me that it's a fake name. And one guy just put "Lurker" on his nametag.
    3. A handful of bloggers were carrying guns and, to my great surprise, the Mossad didn't do anything about that despite Bibi Netanyahu's appearance. At one point, there was a guy with a gun sitting three seats from to Netanyahu. He later told me that he was warned not to make any sudden movement or reach for his weapon.
    4. Bibi bored me to tears because I'm not much for Israeli politics. I also found it somewhat annoying that he seemed to hijack the convention in the name of right wing Israeli politics. On the other hand, if I were in charge of the convention and was able to get a person as famous as he to come and speak, I would have done it. It really raised the profile of the event. He also took so much time that the panel I was on didn't have time to fully discuss the issues.
    5. I read somewhere a criticism of Esther's moderation of the panel. I don't think it was her fault. Bibi's appearance messed up the entire panel discussion. I had eight pages of notes for things to potentially discuss and only put a little of that material in my opening remarks. (Bibi took my top page of notes to write on the back during his question period, and didn't give me the page back!)
    6. Dinner, so-so. Dessert, incredible.
    7. I met R. Ari Enkin and Netanel Livni in person for the first time. Nice to meet you, gentlemen.
    8. I saw someone criticize Dudy Starck for his interviewing techniques. From where I was sitting, he seemed to be doing a good job. He was really just there to minimize the dead air and give people a few seconds of fame in which they could say something to the online audience. And that's exactly what he did.
    9. I find the pro-aliyah bloggers mildly annoying. If I want to convince someone to keep Shabbos, I don't go up to them every five minutes and ask them whether they are ready yet to radically change their lives. A little subtlety is not too much to ask for. And, let me say that I am not pro-aliyah. I am pro-Torah and mitzvos. When aliyah is a mitzvah, do it. When not, don't do it.

    Above is a picture of me and R. Ari Enkin (which the reporter from Haaretz was kind enough to take and e-mail to me). Below is a picture of me and R' Akiva from Mystical Paths.


    Occasional Vort VIII

    by Netanel Livni

    והיה עקב תשמעון את המשפטים האלה ושמרתם ועשיתם אתם ושמר יהוה אלהיך לך את-הברית ואת-החסד אשר נשבע לאבתיך - “And it shall come to pass, because ye [עקב] hearken to these ordinances, and keep, and do them, that the LORD thy God shall keep with thee the covenant and the mercy which He swore unto thy fathers”

    Rashi says (based on midrash tanchuma):

    "These are the lighter commandments, which a person treads with his heels [בעקביו]"

    The Kotzker Rebbe asks, which commandment does a person tread on with his heels?Click here to read more The commandment of living in the land of Israel!

    Because some people think of this mitzva and the lightest of the light, the Torah comes and says “And it shall come to pass, because ye [עקב] hearken to these ordinances, and keep, and do them, that the LORD thy God shall keep with thee the covenant and the mercy ... and He will love thee, and bless thee” - with all the blessings mentioned in this parsha.

    Ahhh...

    But you may say: making aliya is difficult! I have no heart for it!

    then comes another teaching of the Kotzker (from the previous parsha). It says in the Torah: “And thou shalt love the LORD thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might.”

    There are times when a person has no heart for the service of his Maker. Nevertheless, he must serve Him..


    Parashah Roundup: Eikev 5768

    by Steve Brizel

    The Structure of the Parsha
  • R. Yitzchak Etshalom helps us understand the different themes in the Parsha: link
    Overcoming One's Enemies
  • The Chidah, as prepared by R. Eliezer Kwass, shows us that the learning of Torah for its own sake in the path of the Avos and Imahos, is the main weapon in overcoming the historical enemies of the Jewish People: link

  • Swearing in God's Name
  • R. Ephraim Buchwald reviews the views of Rambam, Ramban and the Chinuch in understanding the serious nature of only swearing in God's Name: link

  • Loving the Stranger
  • R. Zvi Shimon surveys the views of many Rishonim as the meaning and context of this mitzvah: link (DOC)
  • R. Zev Leff urges to remember our own national experiences in accepting a true Ger Tzedek: link

  • Click here to read moreNot By Bread Alone
  • R. Berel Wein reminds us that our destiny is determined by our own actions and mistakes, as opposed to relying upon miracles: link

  • Fear of God-A Small Matter?
  • R. Yaakov Horowitz suggests that fear of God is the key to solid spiritual life: link

  • Mitzvas Birkas HaMazon
  • R. Zvi Sobolofsky analyzes the structure of Birkas HaMazon and urges to remember that physical blessings are given to enable one's spiritual growth: link
  • R. Shlomo Riskin offers a Kabbalistic interpretation on the importance of bread and suggests that we mention the martyrs of Beitar and their burial along with our acknowledging God with major miracles to remind us that God is capable of both large and small scale miracles: link
  • R. Asher Brander, based upon the Seridei Aish's comments, reveals to us why we are not seeking favoritism from God in reciting Birkas HaMazon on a partially filled stomach and a Kzayis: link
  • R. Dovid Gottlieb investigates the halacha of Ikar and Tafel in Hilcos Brachos: link (audio)
  • R. Baruch Simon delves into the halacha of Pas Haba'ah B'kisnin: link (audio)

  • The Unique Character of the Land of Israel
  • R. Herschel Schachter emphasizes that the Land of Israel is the chosen land for the Chosen People, whose special covenant with God remains unbroken, despite all of the travails of Jewish history: link
  • R. Avigdor Nevenzal and R. Jonathan Sacks underscore the uniqueness of the Land of Israel, as opposed to Chutz LaAretz: link 1, link 2

  • Easy and Difficult Mitzvos
  • R. Michael Rosensweig underscores the imporatnce of accept ing both mitzvos kallos and chamuros with the same attention and as indicative of one's Yiras Shamayim: link
  • R. Shlomo Wolbe zt"l, based upon his experiences in flying under the Egyptian radar in the Yom Kippur War, tells us that we tend to notice only the large and grandiose acts and spiritual resolutions, as opposed to the small actions and resolutions, which are a far better way for implementing changes in one's life: link (DOC)

  • Talmud Torah Between the Generations
  • R. Mordechai Kamenetsky reminds us that Torah study is a profoundly unique form of dialogue between the generations: link

  • Mitzvas Mezuzah
  • R. Yissocher Frand explains why the Mezuzah bears witness to the permanency of God and His Torah: link

  • Wednesday, August 20, 2008

    Miracles and Heresy

    The Meshekh Chokhmah (Deut. 4:19) has a comment on last week's Torah portion that argues against our intuitive understanding of miracles and belief. He quotes a midrash that Avraham arrived at belief through deduction from the natural laws of the universe. If the sun follows a standard routine, it must not be an autonomous being. Otherwise, it might sometimes rise in the west rather than the east. And if the moon were an autonomous being, it would not renew every month on schedule but might occasionally deviate. Therefore, reasoned Avraham, they could not be deities and there must be something that created them.

    However, miracles, by contavening the natural order of the universe, undermine this reasoning and therefore can lead to heresy and idolatry. It is the steady functioning of the universe, the constant adherence to the laws of nature, that leads to God. Miracles, on the other hand, can lead away from God.


    Cheerios and the Land of Israel

    I'm still in Israel. Right now I'm at my sister's house and in about an hour or so I'll be in or on my way to Alon Shvut. And, of course, later today I'll be at the NBN Jewish Blogger's Convention.

    I just ate a late breakfast and afterwards said an "al ha-michyah", which brought tears to my eyes. Next time you say it, take it slowly and think about the words. This is an amazing land that I'm in.


    Tuesday, August 19, 2008

    Women and Tights

    Without detracting from the point I've made many times -- that modesty is primarily about attitudes and actions -- we should not forget that it also includes dressing properly. On that secondary level, a discussion has been taking place in the comments section about women are obligated to wear tights. Why should they? The Gemara (Berakhos 24a) states that a woman's "shok" is considered nakedness. Since halakhic naked areas must be covered, a woman must cover her "shok" (in front of others).

    What is a "shok"? R. Yehuda Henkin discusses this in detail in his Understanding Tzniut: Modern Controversies in the Jewish Community (pp. 17-22) and argues that it refers to the thigh (i.e. the leg above the knee). This is the view of the Mishnah Berurah (75:2) and others (see below). However, the Chazon Ish (Orach Chaim 15:8) suggests that "shok" is the lower half of the leg (from the ankle to the knee), although he leaves the question open.

    Click here to read moreAccording to the Mishnah Berurah, a woman is not obligated to cover the lower half of her leg, whether with tights, socks or otherwise. According to the Chazon Ish, she might be but he leaves the question open. The Piskei Teshuvos (75:4 n. 26) quotes a long list of posekim (exclusively Charedi, ke-darko ba-kodesh) who rule on this subject, mainly to be strict. Interestingly, he quotes R. Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (Halikhos Shlomo 20:12) as saying that women can be lenient in their homes. I'm not sure what he means by that. He also quotes R. Moshe Feinstein (Iggeros Moshe, Even Ha-Ezer 4:100:6) as being lenient on the leg below the knee. Other lenient authorities whom he fails to quote are R. Ovadiah Yosef (Yabi'a Omer, Yoreh De'ah 6:14), She'arim Metzuyanim Ba-Halakhah (5:10), R. Shlomo Min-Hahar (in R. Shmuel Katz, Kedoshim Tihyu, p. 253), and R. Elyakim Ellinson in the name of the majority of contemporary rabbis (Hatznei'a Lekhes p. 141 n. 44).

    But even according to this lenient view, when a woman is in a neighborhood (or a school) where the standard practice is to cover the leg below the knee, she is obligated to follow their standard of proper dress.


    New Periodical: Beis Yitzchak no. 40

    The entire YU Torah journal Beis Yitzchak (no. 40) is available online (link). Note that I have an article in it that begins on p. 426. Here is the table of contents:
    חדר מסכת ברכות
  • תפילת הערב אין לה קבע וסמיכת גאולה לתפילה - אליעזר סנאו
  • כוונה בקריאת שמע - הרב ברוך פסח הכהן מנדלסון
  • ברכות התורה - הרב חיים אברהם שיוביץ
  • תפילת הערב אין לה קבע ומעריב רשות - הרב שלמה זאב פיק
  • הבדלה ושאלת גשמים בתפילת הביננו - יעקב משה גרון
  • ברכת הנהנין - מוה"ר דוד הירש
  • הערות בדיני בורא מיני מזונות והמוציא - מוה"ר מרדכי וויליג
  • הערות בשיטות הראשונים בענין ברכת מי פירות לעומת מי שלקות - הרב יחיאל ווינר
  • טול ברוך - ישראל אפרים קופפערשטיין
  • ברכות כלליות וברכות פרטיות - מוה"ר ברוך חיים סיימאן
  • קידוש והבדלה בעמידה או בישיבה - יעקב הופמן
  • עיקר וטפל - אפרים אשר ריטשמונד
  • עיקר פוטר את הטפל - מוה"ר מיכאל רוזנצוייג
  • הורים מורים ואנשים מסויימים: בירור בהכלות ברכת הנסים - אפרים צבי מעטה
  • ברכת המזון - אליעזר פרידמן

  • Click here to read moreחדר מסכת חולין
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  • Wait Your Turn!

    By: Rabbi Ari Enkin

    No doubt that at one time or another you were standing patiently in some line, and then all of a sudden out of nowhere, somebody “butted” into the line. Perhaps complete chutzpa, perhaps someone trying to assist a friend in quickly completing his business. I actually see this happen often, referred to in Israeli parlance as the "ani acharecha" syndrome. Frightening screaming matches often break out over the issue. What does halacha have to say about this?[1]

    Although it may be hard to believe, butting into a public line is actually a full Torah prohibition just like any other! More precisely, it falls into the category of theft. Time is money, and butting in front of someone is a theft of his time. It is also a second violation of the Torah prohibition of “taking advantage of another person.”[2] Those who “butt in” are halachically required to reimburse those people in line for their time.

    Click here to read moreHalacha is so tough on this rude behavior that it is even forbidden for you to tend to your friend’s business for him even when it’s your turn in line. Say, for example, you’re waiting in line at the bank to conduct a routine bill payment, when all of a sudden, a friend walks up to you and asks you to do the same for him. This would be strictly prohibited, as he is required to wait in line just like everyone else! If your intention when arriving at the bank was to do so, however, then it would be perfectly acceptable. These rulings and their parameters are discussed in the Shulchan Aruch.[3]

    The Talmud actually introduces these halachic regulations in the context of procedures in a beit din, a rabbinic court. It says there that rabbis must receive congregants and inquiries on a first-come-first-served basis. [4]

    Another interesting source for these rules is from a passage in the Talmud, which deals with marine traffic.[5] Say that there are two boats that arrive at the same time to pass through a narrow canal – who goes first? How is a compromise to be found? The answer is that one boat is to proceed first, while compensating the other one for the time it lost while waiting for its turn. You see, no boat truly had the right of way over the other – therefore, the one who chooses to pay for the time saved is entitled to go ahead. Can you imagine what could happen if one boat was actually in line first with the second boat butting in?

    Now, in the ideal world, the one who pushed ahead of you in line at the grocery store would be willing to pay you the appropriate Torah-mandated damages. The question is, what’s your time worth? Although this may not sound too attractive, halacha defines all cases with respect to time reimbursements to be based on the salary of a simple unskilled laborer, and in this specific case – half of it. Say the minimum wage is $10 per hour and you were kept waiting one more hour than necessary – you would only be entitled to $5.


    ********************************

    [1] This posting is based on an article by Rabbi Aron Tendler, which was based on an article by Rabbi Tzvi Shpitz, available at http://www.torah.org/advanced/business-halacha/5757/vol1no04.html.
    [2] Vayikra 25:15.
    [3] CM 272:14.
    [4] Sanhedrin 8a.
    [5] Sanhedrin 32b.


    Monday, August 18, 2008

    New Publication: Derech HaTeva vol. 12 (2007-2008)

    New issue of Derech HaTeva: A Journal of Torah and Science by Stern College students (link):

  • Making Man in Man's Image by Shira Apfel
  • Embryological Sex Determination in the Talmud and Modern Science by Dalia Barenboim
  • The Life You Save Could Be Yours... Or Your Child's: Scientific and Halakhic Approaches to Mandating the HPV Vaccine by Amanda Bier
  • To Test or Not to Test -- The BRCA Genes Explored by Nechama Citrin
  • Wine: Agent of Intoxication or Character Enhancer? by Jennifer Deluty
  • Busting the Myth of Jews with Horns by Esther Frederick
  • King Asa's Podiatric Condition by Sarah Ariella Hollander
  • The Eleventh Commandment: "Don't Bite Off More Than You Can Chew" by Dena Kapetansky
  • The Biblical Diet: Food for Thought by Sharon Kaufman
  • The Medical and Ethical Implications of Conjoined Twins by Chana Kosofsky
  • Click here to read more
  • Extraterrestrial Life in our Age by Emily J. Liebling
  • Smoking in Halacha by Adina Maik
  • Stem Cell Research: A Torah Perspective by Miriam Merzel
  • The Heart is Timeless (as are Heart Attacks) by Talia Miller
  • Sex Pre-Selection by Marina Pekar
  • Thoughts on the Ancestry of Ethiopian Jews by Tehilla Raviv
  • Religious Infertility by Shira Roszler
  • Biblical Images: Speech and Hearing Impediments in the Bible by Aviva Stroh
  • The eighth Month Non-Viable Fetus: The One Months Difference by Devorah Thaler
  • Vegetarianism: A Guide to a Perfect Body, Mind and Soul by Rachel Yamnik
  • Approaching the Infinite: An Intersection between Mathematics and Spirituality by Chava Zakharevich
  • Blod, Frogs, and Lice by Harvey Babish, Ph.D.

  • Standing at the Airport Gate

    I'm here at the El Al gate with about 250 people on their way to Israel for good (I was recently in the lounge with a bunch of bloggers). I can't get over the guilt of flying business class when all of these people are the ones doing the mitzvah and not me, but Nefesh B'Nefesh knows that they will generally get better coverage if they treat the press like VIPs. In reality, it is the olim who are the VIPs.

    The Mishnah tells us that when people used to bring bikurim (first fruits) to Jerusalem, people would stand up as they passed by. The reason for this is that when someone is on his way to do a mitzvah, we show respect for him and the mitzvah by standing for him.

    R. Ya'akov Kamenetsky suggested that this is the reason that people stand right before Yishtabach in the morning prayers. As people go to give tzedakah at that time, as is customary, everyone else rises in their honor. R. Hershel Schachter has likewise suggested that this is the reason that people rise when a bride and groom walk down the aisle, on the way to fulfill the mitzvah of getting married.

    As so many people come to the gate to make aliyah, I can't bring myself to sit down. But on the long flight, I don't think I'll have any option.


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